Perceptions of women who confront hostile and benevolent sexism.

Little is known about the differences between confronting explicitly negative (hostile) vs. subjectively positive (benevolent) forms of sexism. Across three studies (N = 1315), we test a) whether confronting benevolent sexism is more costly for women than confronting hostile sexism and b) whether confronting some subtypes of benevolent sexism are more costly than others. We compared confrontations and non-confrontations of hostile sexism, benevolent sexism involving complementary gender differentiation (CGD), and benevolent sexism involving protective paternalism (PP). Surprisingly, confronting benevolent sexism was not more costly than confronting hostile sexism; a finding that replicated across studies and in two different contexts. Confronters of PP were evaluated more positively than confronters of CGD, but only when CGD embodied themes of gender essentialism (i.e., beliefs that men and women are naturally different). Confronters were mostly evaluated favorably relative to non-confronters and especially among women. Results imply that confronting benevolent sexism may have fewer consequences than anticipated.

Acute malnutrition and its determinants of preschool children in Bangladesh: gender differentiation.

BACKGROUND: Children acute malnutrition (AM) is a global public health concern, especially in low and middle income countries. AM is associated with multiple physiological vulnerabilities, including immune dysfunction, enteric barrier disruption, gut microbiome dysbiosis, and essential nutrient deficits. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of AM and its associated factors among preschool children in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December, 2016. Children acute malnutrition was assessed using mid-upper arm circumference. Multiple binary logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the associated factors after adjusting the effect of independent factors of children AM. RESULT: The prevalence of AM amongst preschool children was 8.7%, among them 2.2 and 6.5% were severe acute malnutrition and moderate acute malnutrition, respectively. Z-proportional test demonstrated that the difference in AM between girls (11.6) and boys (5.9%) was significant (p < 0.05). Children AM was associated with being: (i) children aged 6-23 months (aOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.20-4.37; p < 0.05), (ii) early childbearing mothers' (age < 20 years) children (aOR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.08-8.66; p < 0.05), (iii) children living in poor family (aOR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.11-8.12; p < 0.05), (iv) children living in unhygienic latrine households (aOR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.52-5.09; p < 0.01), (v) Hindu or other religion children (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19-0.92; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of AM was high among these preschool children. Some modifiable factors were associated with AM of preschool children. Interventions addressing social mobilization and food security could be an effective way to prevent acute malnutrition among children in Bangladesh.

Arterial Hypertension: Individual Therapeutic Approaches-From DNA Sequencing to Gender Differentiation and New Therapeutic Targets.

The aim of this paper is to provide an accurate overview regarding the current recommended approach for antihypertensive treatment. The importance of DNA sequencing in understanding the complex implication of genetics in hypertension could represent an important step in understanding antihypertensive treatment as well as in developing new medical strategies. Despite a pool of data from studies regarding cardiovascular risk factors emphasizing a worse prognosis for female patients rather than male patients, there are also results indicating that women are more likely to be predisposed to the use of antihypertensive medication and less likely to develop uncontrolled hypertension. Moreover, lower systolic blood pressure values are associated with increased cardiovascular risk in women compared to men. The prevalence, awareness and, most importantly, treatment of hypertension is variable in male and female patients, since the mechanisms responsible for this pathology may be different and closely related to gender factors such as the renin-angiotensin system, sympathetic nervous activity, endothelin-1, sex hormones, aldosterone, and the immune system. Thus, gender-related antihypertensive treatment individualization may be a valuable tool in improving female patients' prognosis.

Gender Differentiation of Indirect Self-Destructiveness in Drug Addicted Individuals (Indirect Self-Destructiveness in Addicted Women and Men).

The use of psychoactive substances is considered to be a typical self-destructive behaviour with addiction itself regarded as one of the self-destructiveness forms. The aim of this work was to explore the gender differentiation of the indirect self-destructiveness syndrome (and its particular categories) in drug addicted individuals treated in drug addiction treatment centres. 172 drug addicted individuals (116 men and 56 women, M age = 23,5), ranged from 19 to 28 years, was recruited. In order to examine indirect self-destructiveness and its manifestations, the Polish version of the "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" by Kelley (CS-DS) was administered. The statistical processing of scores used the Mann-Whitney U significance test. Women treated for drug addiction achieved significantly higher scores on indirect self-destructiveness: general score (p = 0.001), subscales of Transgression and Risk (p = 0.001), Personal and Social Neglects (p = 0.02), and Lack of Planfulness (p < 0.001). They scored lower on Poor Health Maintenance (p < 0.002) and Helplessness (p < 0.001). There is a need for specific, gender-adjusted manners of intervention and treatment in addicted women. Optimistically, after an addiction treatment, women cope and feel better psychologically and socially. They also care more about their health.

Gender influences on the health of adolescents with sickle cell disease.

The current study examines gender effects on disease knowledge and quality of life in adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) in Jamaica. We report the baseline results on 76 girls and 74 boys with mean age (16.9 ± 1.8 vs. 16.2 ±2.0 years), recruited in a larger intervention study. Girls had higher knowledge scores (15.3 ± 4.2 vs. 13.3 ± 4.2 p=.004), poorer overall QOL scores (70.1 ± 19.6 vs. 77.2 ± 17.8 p=0.02) but similar severity scores to boys. Girls also had significantly lower scores on many QOL domain scores: Pain occurrences over the course the past month (Pain and Hurt:77.49 ± 23.3 vs. 85.37 ± 17.13); concerns about seeking health services for pain (Worry1:63.73 ± 26.21 vs. 75.33 ± 24.62); confidence in self-management & treatment effects (Treatment: 72.25 ± 23.6 vs. 80.73 ± 18.90) and SCD disclosure & empathy from others (Communication II: 47.44 ± 1.02 vs. 61.71 ± 29.41). Knowledge was positively predicted by age, higher education, greater household possessions and was higher in girls; whereas QOL was lower in girls and those with greater disease severity and higher with higher education. In conclusion, there is a significant gender differential in disease knowledge and QOL among adolescents with SCD. Interventions will need to address the lower QOL in girls and lower disease knowledge among boys.

Differentiation in fructification percentage between two morphs of Amomum tsaoko (Zingiberaceae).

Amomum tsaoko is a flexistylous ginger. Flexistyly is a unique floral mechanism promoting outcrossing, which is known only in some species of Zingiberaceae till date. This is a pioneer report on flexistyly in A. tsaoko from the aspect of fructification percentage to clarify its influence on reproduction. We observed in 2007 and 2008 that the fructification percentage of the anaflexistyled and the cataflexistyled inflorescence were 14.89 ± 10.35% and 11.31 ± 7.91% respectively, with significant difference (d.f. = 141.920, t = 2.518, P = 0.013 < 0.05). The greatly significant difference between 2007 and 2008 were present in both the flower number (d.f. = 93, t = -2.819, P = 0.006 < 0.01) and the fructification percentage (d.f. = 93, t = -2.894, P = 0.005 < 0.01) of the cataflexistylous inflorescence. Although the two morphs were similar in morphological characteristics, there was some gender differentiation between them, showing a possibility that the anaflexistylous morph might function more as females and the cataflexistylous morph more as males. Reproduction of the cataflexistylous morph was significantly sensitive to change of environmental factors, in contrast to the anaflexistylous morph, thus the yield varied between the abundant year (2008) and the off year (2007).

Etograma do Eira barbara (Carnivora: Mustelidae) em cativeiro / Ethogram of Eira barbara in captivity

Neste trabalho foi elaborado um etograma e analisados os efeitos qualitativos e quantitativos das diferenças de gênero de um casal de Eira barbara (Carnivora: Mustelidae) em cativeiro. Os dados foram coletados no Zoológico do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Recife - PE, no período de abril a outubro de 2005. Para o etograma, utilizou-se o método Ad Libitum, no horário das 07:00h às 17:00h. Em seguida foram realizadas observações sistemáticas através de Varredura Instantânea para a distribuição do comportamento em um total de 100h. Foram obtidas então 58 condutas comportamentais agrupadas em duas categorias: Individual, com 40 diferentes comportamentos divididos em oito subcategorias; e Social, com 18 comportamentos divididos em três subcategorias. Deste total os comportamentos ‘tentar cópula’, ‘carregar o outro’, ‘agarrar’, ‘vocalizar’ e ‘urinar sobre’ foram exclusivos ou preferencialmente exibidos pelo macho; e ‘ser carregado’, ‘tentar pegar’, ‘esfregar genitália’, ‘molhar-se’, ‘brincar’, ‘caçar’ e ‘carregar comedouro’ e “rosnar” pela fêmea(AU)

Ethogram of Eira barbara in captivity. An ethogram was described and the qualitative and quantitative effects of gender differentiation was analyzed for a male and female Eira barbara (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in captivity. The study was carried out at the Dois Irmãos Zoological Park in Recife, PE Brazil, from April to October, 2005. Observations were made from 07:00h to 17:00h. An ad libitum method was followed for ethogram building, and instantaneous scan sampling for systematic observations (total of 100h observation time). Behavioral categories were grouped into two divisions, individual (40 categories), separated into seven subdivisions; and social (18 categories) separated into two subcategories. Behavior patterns that were exclusively or preferentially exhibited by the male included: attempting to copulate, carrying, grasping, vocalizing, and urinating on; the female’s main behavior categories included: to be carried, attempting to grasp, genital scent marking, getting wet, playing, hunting, carrying the feeding bowl and growling(AU)

Etograma do Eira barbara (Carnivora: Mustelidae) em cativeiro / Ethogram of Eira barbara in captivity

Neste trabalho foi elaborado um etograma e analisados os efeitos qualitativos e quantitativos das diferenças de gênero de um casal de Eira barbara (Carnivora: Mustelidae) em cativeiro. Os dados foram coletados no Zoológico do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Recife - PE, no período de abril a outubro de 2005. Para o etograma, utilizou-se o método Ad Libitum, no horário das 07:00h às 17:00h. Em seguida foram realizadas observações sistemáticas através de Varredura Instantânea para a distribuição do comportamento em um total de 100h. Foram obtidas então 58 condutas comportamentais agrupadas em duas categorias: Individual, com 40 diferentes comportamentos divididos em oito subcategorias; e Social, com 18 comportamentos divididos em três subcategorias. Deste total os comportamentos ‘tentar cópula’, ‘carregar o outro’, ‘agarrar’, ‘vocalizar’ e ‘urinar sobre’ foram exclusivos ou preferencialmente exibidos pelo macho; e ‘ser carregado’, ‘tentar pegar’, ‘esfregar genitália’, ‘molhar-se’, ‘brincar’, ‘caçar’ e ‘carregar comedouro’ e “rosnar” pela fêmea

An ethogram was described and the qualitative and quantitative effects of gender differentiation was analyzed for a male and female Eira barbara (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in captivity. The study was carried out at the Dois Irmãos Zoological Park in Recife, PE Brazil, from April to October, 2005. Observations were made from 07:00h to 17:00h. An ad libitum method was followed for ethogram building, and instantaneous scan sampling for systematic observations (total of 100h observation time). Behavioral categories were grouped into two divisions, individual (40 categories), separated into seven subdivisions; and social (18 categories) separated into two subcategories. Behavior patterns that were exclusively or preferentially exhibited by the male included: attempting to copulate, carrying, grasping, vocalizing, and urinating on; the female’s main behavior categories included: to be carried, attempting to grasp, genital scent marking, getting wet, playing, hunting, carrying the feeding bowl and growling.